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 Tethys the Target, Europa Rising et la Péninsule Ibérique

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yanis la chouette




Nombre de messages : 15756
Localisation : http://yanis.tignard.free.fr/
Date d'inscription : 09/11/2005

Tethys the Target, Europa Rising et la Péninsule Ibérique Empty
MessageSujet: Tethys the Target, Europa Rising et la Péninsule Ibérique   Tethys the Target, Europa Rising et la Péninsule Ibérique EmptyLun 2 Oct à 3:59

TIGNARD YANIS‏ @TIGNARDYANIS 4 hil y a 4 heures
LA RÉPUBLIQUE D'ISRAËL EST TRÈS CRITIQUÉE ET POURTANT UNE ÉTHIQUE ET UNE RESPONSABILITÉ DEVANT LA SURVIE ET LE DÉVELOPPEMENT: L'INFINI. TAY

COMMUNAUTÉ ÉCONOMIQUE EUROPÉENNE PLEURE SUR LE MONDE MAIS DE GRAVE PROBLÈMES POLITIQUES ET FINANCIERS EXISTENT DANS CES JURISPRUDENCES. TAY

LA PRUDENCE VA DEVOIR AGIR AVEC ACTIONS ET ACTES SANS PARVENIR À LA SITUATION PROVOQUER PAR LES POLITIQUES DE LA CATALOGNE ET DE MADRID. TAY

LE CARACTÈRE EN ESPAGNE; UN DÉSORDRE RÈGNE SUR DIVERS ASPECTS DU ROYAUME: L'ÉCONOMIE, L'EXTRÊME GAUCHE ET LES CARLISTES, SE PRÉPARER. TAY

LA MASSE DE L'EXISTENCE M'APPELLE À DIRE QUE CES MOUVANCES SE SONT STRUCTURÉ DANS LES ANNÉES MILLE NEUF CENT QUATRE VINGT DIX: TOULOUSE. TAY

LE VOTE EN ESPAGNE NE S'EST PAS DÉROULÉ EN DE BONNE CIRCONSTANCE: À NOTER QUE NOS CRS SONT PLUS CHIRURGICAL QUE LEURS COLLÈGUES ESPAGNOLS. Y

LA MENTALITÉ DES PERSONNES EN FRANCE, ON CHANGEAIT DEVANT LA MORT; EN UNE MESURE, NOUS SOMMES DANS LA RÉALITÉ DES JACKS L'ÉVENTREURS. TAY

QUELLE QUE SOIT L'IVRESSE QUI L'EMPORTE SUR LA RAISON, ELLE VOUS RÉPONDRA QUE VOUS ÊTES DANS L'ERREUR ET SE COMPORTERA AVEC AGRESSIVITÉ. TAY


New Horizons took this image of the icy moon Europa rising above Jupiter's cloud
tops after the spacecraft's closest approach to Jupiter. The spacecraft was
2.3 million kilometers (1.4 million miles) from Jupiter and 3 million kilometers
(1.8 million miles) from Europa when the picture was taken.

Image Credit: NASA/Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory/Southwest
Research Institute

Last Updated: Aug. 4, 2017
Editor: NASA Content Administrator
Tags: Europa (Moon), Moons, New Horizons, Solar System
https://www.nasa.gov/multimedia/imagegallery/image_feature_907.html
----------------------------------



Like most moons in the solar system, Saturn's moon Tethys is covered by impact craters.
Some craters bear witness to incredibly violent events, such as the crater Odysseus
(seen here at the right of the image).

While Tethys is 660 miles (1,062 kilometers) across, the crater Odysseus
is 280 miles (450 kilometers) across, covering about 4.5 percent of the moon's
surface area. A comparably sized crater on Earth would be as large as Russia!

This view looks toward the anti-Saturn hemisphere of Tethys. North
on Tethys is up and rotated 42 degrees to the right.
The image was taken in visible light with the Cassini spacecraft
narrow-angle camera on April 11, 2015.

The view was acquired at a distance of approximately 118,000 miles
(190,000 kilometers) from Tethys. Image scale is 3,280 feet
(1 kilometer) per pixel.

The Cassini mission is a cooperative project of NASA, ESA
(the European Space Agency) and the Italian Space Agency.
The Jet Propulsion Laboratory, a division of the California Institute
of Technology in Pasadena, manages the mission for NASA's Science Mission
Directorate, Washington. The Cassini orbiter and its two onboard cameras
were designed, developed and assembled at JPL. The imaging operations
center is based at the Space Science Institute in Boulder, Colorado.

For more information about the Cassini-Huygens mission visit
http://saturn.jpl.nasa.gov or http://www.nasa.gov/cassini .
The Cassini imaging team homepage is at http://ciclops.org .

Image Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech/Space Science Institute
Last Updated: Aug. 4, 2017
Editor: Tony Greicius
https://www.nasa.gov/jpl/cassini/pia18317/tethys-the-target
-------------------------------------------



Cassini gazes across the icy rings of Saturn toward the icy moon Tethys, whose night side is illuminated by Saturnshine, or sunlight reflected by the planet.

Tethys was on the far side of Saturn with respect to Cassini here;
an observer looking upward from the moon's surface toward Cassini
would see Saturn's illuminated disk filling the sky.

Tethys was brightened by a factor of two in this image to increase
its visibility. A sliver of the moon's sunlit northern hemisphere is seen
at top. A bright wedge of Saturn's sunlit side is seen at lower left.

This view looks toward the sunlit side of the rings from
about 10 degrees above the ring plane. The image was taken
in visible light with the Cassini spacecraft wide-angle camera
on May 13, 2017.

The view was acquired at a distance of approximately 750,000 miles
(1.2 million kilometers) from Saturn and at a Sun-Saturn-spacecraft,
or phase, angle of 140 degrees. Image scale is 43 miles (70 kilometers)
per pixel on Saturn. The distance to Tethys was about 930,000 miles
(1.5 million kilometers). The image scale on Tethys
is about 56 miles (90 kilometers) per pixel.

The Cassini mission is a cooperative project of NASA, ESA
(the European Space Agency) and the Italian Space Agency.
The Jet Propulsion Laboratory, a division of the California Institute
of Technology in Pasadena, manages the mission for NASA's Science Mission
Directorate, Washington. The Cassini orbiter and its two onboard cameras
were designed, developed and assembled at JPL. The imaging operations
center is based at the Space Science Institute in Boulder, Colorado.

For more information about the Cassini-Huygens mission visit
https://saturn.jpl.nasa.gov and http://www.nasa.gov/cassini .
The Cassini imaging team homepage is at http://ciclops.org .
https://www.nasa.gov/image-feature/jpl/pia21342/saturn-lit-tethys

Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech/Space Science Institute
Last Updated: Aug. 22, 2017
Editor: Tony Greicius
Tags: Cassini, Image of the Day, Jet Propulsion Laboratory,
Moons, Planets, Saturn, Solar System, Tethys

RAPPORT DU
CITOYEN TIGNARD YANIS



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http://www.atelier-yannistignard.com
yanis la chouette




Nombre de messages : 15756
Localisation : http://yanis.tignard.free.fr/
Date d'inscription : 09/11/2005

Tethys the Target, Europa Rising et la Péninsule Ibérique Empty
MessageSujet: Re: Tethys the Target, Europa Rising et la Péninsule Ibérique   Tethys the Target, Europa Rising et la Péninsule Ibérique EmptyLun 2 Oct à 4:01

A Vianden
--- Victor HUGO (1802-1885)

Il songe. Il s'est assis rêveur sous un érable.
Entend-il murmurer la forêt vénérable ?
Regarde-t-il les fleurs ? regarde-t-il les cieux ?
Il songe. La nature au front mystérieux
Fait tout ce qu'elle peut pour apaiser les hommes ;
Du coteau plein de vigne au verger plein de pommes
Les mouches viennent, vont, reviennent ; les oiseaux
Jettent leur petite ombre errante sur les eaux ;
Le moulin prend la source et l'arrête au passage ;
L'étang est un miroir où le frais paysage
Se renverse et se change en vague vision ;
Tout dans la profondeur fait une fonction ;
Pas d'atome qui n'ait sa tâche ; tout s'agite ;
Le grain dans le sillon, la bête dans son gîte,
Ont un but ; la matière obéit à l'aimant ;
L'immense herbe infinie est un fourmillement ;
Partout le mouvement sans relâche et sans trêve,
Dans ce qui pousse, croît, monte, descend, se lève,
Dans le nid, dans le chien harcelant les troupeaux,
Dans l'astre ; et la surface est le vaste repos ;
En dessous tout s'efforce, en dessus tout sommeille ;
On dirait que l'obscure immensité vermeille
Qui balance la mer pour bercer l'alcyon,
Et que nous appelons Vie et Création,
Charmante, fait semblant de dormir, et caresse
L'universel travail avec de la paresse.
Quel éblouissement pour l'oeil contemplateur !
De partout, du vallon, du pré, de la hauteur,
Du bois qui s'épaissit et du ciel qui rougeoie,
Sort cette ombre, la paix, et ce rayon, la joie.
Et maintenant, tandis qu'à travers les ravins,
Une petite fille avec des yeux divins
Et de lestes pieds nus dignes de Praxitèle,
Chasse à coups de sarment sa chèvre devant elle,
Voici ce qui remue en l'âme du banni :

- Hélas ! tout n'est pas dit et tout n'est pas fini
Parce qu'on a creusé dans la rue une fosse,
Parce qu'un chef désigne un mur où l'on adosse
De pauvres gens devant les feux de pelotons,
Parce qu'on exécute au hasard, à tâtons,
Sans choix, sous la mitraille et sous la fusillade,
Pères, mères, le fou, le brigand, le malade,
Et qu'on fait consumer en hâte par la chaux
Des corps d'hommes sanglants et d'enfants encor chauds !

RAPPORT DU
CITOYEN TIGNARD YANIS

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http://www.atelier-yannistignard.com
yanis la chouette




Nombre de messages : 15756
Localisation : http://yanis.tignard.free.fr/
Date d'inscription : 09/11/2005

Tethys the Target, Europa Rising et la Péninsule Ibérique Empty
MessageSujet: Re: Tethys the Target, Europa Rising et la Péninsule Ibérique   Tethys the Target, Europa Rising et la Péninsule Ibérique EmptyLun 2 Oct à 9:43

Public Affairs Officer:
Peg O'Laughlin
202.205.1819
margaret.olaughlin @usitc.gov

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Home » FY 2015 Annual Highlights
FY 2015 Annual Highlights

The U.S. International Trade Commission ceased publication of its public annual report after fiscal year 2010 and has transitioned key content to the Internet. Broad information about the Commission, as well as tables summarizing its investigations and litigation during FY 2015, can be found through the links below.

   General Information (PDF)
   The Commissioners (PDF)
   The Administrative Law Judges (PDF)
   Import Injury Investigations (PDF)
   Intellectual Property Import Investigations (PDF)
   Industry and Economic Analysis (PDF)
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   Summary of Investigations Completed During FY 2015 and Pending on September 30, 2015
       Antidumping and Countervailing Duty Investigations Conducted in Fiscal Year 2015 (PDF)
       Changed Circumstances and Five Year (Sunset) Reviews Conducted in Fiscal Year 2015 (PDF)
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       General Factfinding Investigations Conducted in Fiscal Year 2015 (PDF)
       Reports on proposed legislation submitted to Congress during Fiscal Year 2015
       Trade Litigation Conducted in FY 2015 (PDF)
       Trade Litigation Remand Proceedings Conducted in Fiscal Year 2015 (PDF)

https://www.usitc.gov/fy_2015_annual_highlights.htm

-------------------------------

It’s not quantum mechanics that’s weird – it’s us

Quantum theory is famously mind-boggling. But do its paradoxes mean
we haven’t yet understood it?

Quantum mechanics is so notoriously difficult that Nobel-winning physicist
Richard Feynman cheerfully admitted that even he didn’t understand it.

The reason is not that quantum theory is full of difficult maths,
but that it defies intuition, and even, it seems, logic. Does this mean
that we’re doomed forever to vague talk of wave-particle duality, uncertainty,
Schrödinger’s cat and “spooky action at a distance”? Or has quantum mechanics
moved on from these old clichés?

Thanks to improved experiments and fresh thinking about quantum theory,
we can now say more clearly what it does and doesn’t mean. It’s not all
about fuzziness and weirdness, but is a theory about information:
about how, and how much, we can really find out about the fundamental ways
the world behaves – and about where we fit into the picture. It’s time
to go “beyond weird”.

https://live.newscientist.com/talks/its-not-quantum-mechanics-thats-weird-its-us?cmpid=EMP|NSNSL|2017-2209-UK-Emailnslive2017|em23&utm_medium=EMP&utm_source=NSNSL&utm_campaign=Emailnslive2017&utm_content=em23

What happened at the Big Bang?

How do we know how everything began? Sean Carroll explores what's next in cosmology.

The history of the universe from a few seconds after the Big Bang is fairly well understood, but what happened before then is largely mysterious. Inflation is a popular paradigm, but raises a number of conceptual problems, both in its conception and its implementation.

Before inflation, we don't know whether there was a true beginning or whether the universe has lasted eternally; which alternative is correct may come down to dimly-understood features of quantum gravity.

Sean Carroll will discuss these issues, how they relate to later-universe cosmology, and the prospects for future progress.

https://live.newscientist.com/talks/what-happened-at-the-big-bang?cmpid=EMP|NSNSL|2017-2209-UK-Emailnslive2017|em23&utm_medium=EMP&utm_source=NSNSL&utm_campaign=Emailnslive2017&utm_content=em23

----------------------


Calendar

All events are held at the Donald W. Reynolds Center for American
Art and Portraiture, located at Eighth and F streets N.W., Washington, D.C.
Special events and programs may require reservations or tickets.
Please check the events listings for more information.

For questions, call (202) 633-1000. The National Portrait Gallery
is open every day from 11:30 a.m. to 7 p.m.
All events and programs are free unless otherwise noted.

Highlights of the National Portrait Gallery
When Monday, October 2, 2017, 12 – 1 p.m.
Venue Portrait Gallery
Event Location Meet in the F Street lobby
Cost Free: Walk--in

Note

Look for our friendly docent who will give a Highlights tour of the National Portrait Gallery.  

NOTE:  Beginning on September 1, 2016, Highlights tours will occur at the following times:

   Most Mondays - Fridays 12:00 Noon
   Most Saturdays and Sundays 11:45 a.m. and 3:15 p.m.


-------------------------------------

The following Global Agricultural Information Network (GAIN) reports were released on Friday, September 29, 2017.


China: Grain and Feed Update

Harvest is underway for spring/summer crops. The 2017/18 corn production forecast is raised on better yield, improved seed quality and favorable weather during the growing season. The PSD tables for feed grains (corn and sorghum) are updated for 2016/17 based on trade to date and for 2017/18 on expectations of greater consumption. There are minor updates for food grains (wheat and rice). Over the summer, there have been several announcements that could impact the grain sector, particularly for corn. The most recent announcement, the goal to adopt E10 usage in gasoline by 2020, if realized, could sharply boost corn consumption and reduce stocks. When combined with the ongoing reform, China could find itself tight in corn just in a few years.      

Mexico: Cotton and Products Update

Post forecasts marketing year (MY) 2017/18 total cotton production for Mexico up to 1.12 million bales, due to increased planting areas. U.S. cotton exports account for nearly all of Mexico´s imports.  

Philippines: Sugar Semi-annual

MY 2016/17 (December/November) total raw sugar production was revised upwards from 2.25 MMT to 2.50 MMT on better-than-expected cane yields resulting from favorable weather conditions during the first half of 2017. Total raw sugar production in MY 2017/18 was raised from 2.30 MMT to 2.38 MMT on projected increases to sugarcane area planted. Raw sugar exports for MY 2017/18 were revised upwards 100,000 tons to 250,000 tons on an anticipated surge in carryover stocks. Consumption in MY 2017/18 is forecast to increase 50,000 tons from the previous year to 2.25 MMT as prices remain soft due to ample supply.

South Korea: Retail Foods

Expansion and diversification of large-scale retail businesses coupled with the introduction of information technologies has led to a rapid evolvement of the retail food sector in South Korea over the last two decades. Strong consumer demand for value, convenience, diversity and quality generates increased demand for imported food and agricultural products in the sector. The United States remains the leading supplier of consumer-oriented food products to the Korean retail food sector. Korea’s imports of consumer-oriented food products from the United States totaled a record high $3.7 billion in 2016. Reduction of import tariffs under the KORUS FTA should provide American products with additional opportunities in the sector.

Thailand: Rice Price - Weekly

Export prices declined 1 to 3 percent due to a lack of new inquiries. The government has approved several rice support programs to ensure stable domestic prices for MY2017/18 main crop rice production.  

Thailand: Sugar Semi-annual

MY2017/18 sugar production will likely increase to 11.2 million metric tons, up 12 percent from MY2016/17 due to favorable weather conditions. MY2017/18 sugar consumption is expected to decline slightly due to the new excise tax on sugar-sweetened beverages. The government is amending the Cane and Sugar Act B.E. 2527 (1984) to deregulate the domestic sugar market in MY2017/18.

For more information, or for an archive of all FAS GAIN reports, please visit gain.fas.usda.gov.

Titanic Theme Song • My Heart Will Go On • Celine Dion
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DNyKDI9pn0Q


Overuse Injuries Don't Impact Young Football Players
10/01/2017 09:00 AM EDT

Data on youth and high school competitors show minimal amounts
HealthDay news image

Source: HealthDay
Related MedlinePlus Pages: Sports Injuries, Sports Safety, Teen Health
Risk Assessments Can Help Prevent Falls
09/30/2017 09:00 AM EDT

Geriatrics specialist offers tips to avoid injuries
HealthDay news image

Source: HealthDay
Related MedlinePlus Pages: Falls, Safety, Seniors' Health
State Policies Can Reduce Alcohol-Related Murders
09/29/2017 04:00 PM EDT

Up to 50 percent of homicides in the United States involve drinking, researchers say
HealthDay news image

Source: HealthDay
Related MedlinePlus Pages: Alcohol, Alcoholism and Alcohol Abuse
Verzenio Approved for Advanced Breast Cancer
09/29/2017 04:00 PM EDT

The most common cancer in the United States
Source: HealthDay
Related MedlinePlus Pages: Breast Cancer, Medicines
Carbon Monoxide a Potential Threat from Gas-Powered Generators
09/29/2017 02:00 PM EDT

Don't use these devices in your home, garage or any enclosed space
HealthDay news image

Source: HealthDay
Related MedlinePlus Pages: Carbon Monoxide Poisoning
A More Accurate Predictor for Alzheimer'S?
09/29/2017 12:00 PM EDT

Genetic test might one day diagnose the disease before symptoms occur, researchers say
HealthDay news image

Source: HealthDay
Related MedlinePlus Pages: Alzheimer's Disease, Genetic Testing
Dialysis Patients Often End Up Back in The Hospital
09/29/2017 09:00 AM EDT

But the readmission is usually for a different problem, study finds
HealthDay news image

Source: HealthDay
Related MedlinePlus Pages: Dialysis, Health Facilities
Failing Sense of Smell Tied to Dementia Risk
09/29/2017 09:00 AM EDT

Long-term study suggests inability to identify scents may be early sign of problems
HealthDay news image

Source: HealthDay
Related MedlinePlus Pages: Dementia, Seniors' Health, Taste and Smell Disorders
Researchers Learn More about Gender's Role in Autism Risk
09/29/2017 09:00 AM EDT

When oldest female child has the disorder, risk is raised for younger siblings, especially boys: study
Source: HealthDay
Related MedlinePlus Pages: Autism Spectrum Disorder
Respiratory Disease Death Rates Have Soared
09/29/2017 09:00 AM EDT

More than 3.9 million Americans died from COPD over last 35 years, new data shows
HealthDay news image

Source: HealthDay
Related MedlinePlus Pages: Asthma, COPD, Lung Diseases
Study Questions Practice of Placenta Eating by New Moms
09/29/2017 09:00 AM EDT

It may be potentially dangerous, researchers say
HealthDay news image

Source: HealthDay
Related MedlinePlus Pages: Childbirth, Infant and Newborn Care, Postpartum Care

MedlinePlus Health News
https://content.govdelivery.com/accounts/USNLMMP/bulletins/1bab9ae?reqfrom=share

RAPPORT DU CITOYEN TIGNARD YANIS
SOUS L'EGIDE DE Y'BECCA
ET DU PEUPLE
Revenir en haut Aller en bas
http://www.atelier-yannistignard.com
yanis la chouette




Nombre de messages : 15756
Localisation : http://yanis.tignard.free.fr/
Date d'inscription : 09/11/2005

Tethys the Target, Europa Rising et la Péninsule Ibérique Empty
MessageSujet: Re: Tethys the Target, Europa Rising et la Péninsule Ibérique   Tethys the Target, Europa Rising et la Péninsule Ibérique EmptyLun 2 Oct à 10:23

2 October 2017

A molecule once thought to be a useful marker for life as
we know it has been discovered around a young star and
at a comet for the first time, suggesting these ingredients
are inherited during the planet-forming phase.

The discovery of methyl chloride was made
by the ground-based Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array
(ALMA) in Chile, and by ESA’s Rosetta spacecraft following Comet
67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko. It is the simplest member of a class
of molecules known as organohalogens, which contain halogens,
such as chlorine or fluorine, bonded with carbon.

Methyl chloride is well known on Earth as being used in industry.
It is also produced naturally by biological and geological activity:
it is the most abundant organohalogen in Earth’s atmosphere,
with up to three megatonnes produced a year, primarily
from biological processes.

As such, it had been identified as a possible ‘biomarker’ in the search
for life at exoplanets. This has been called into question, however,
now it is seen in environments not derived from living organisms,
and instead as a raw ingredient from which planets could eventually form.
Rho Ophiuchi star-forming region

This is also the first time an organohalogen has been detected in space,
indicating that halogen- and carbon-centred chemistries are more intertwined
than previously thought.

The ALMA observations were made towards the young star IRAS 16293-2422,
a low-mass binary system in the Rho Ophiuchi star-forming region
about 400 light-years from Earth. The system was already known
to have a wealth of organic molecules distributed around it,
but ALMA now makes it possible to zoom in to scales equivalent
to the outer planets in our own Solar System, making it
an ideal target for comparative studies with comets.

Because comets are believed to preserve the chemical composition
of the Sun’s birth cloud, and in order to better understand
the formation pathways of organic molecules, the detection
of the molecule in the young star system triggered a search
in the extensive data collected by ESA’s Rosetta spacecraft
during its 2014–16 mission at Comet 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko.

“We found it but it is very elusive, one of the ‘chameleons’
of our molecule zoo, only present during short times when we observed
a lot of chlorine,” says Kathrin Altwegg, principal investigator
of the ROSINA instrument that made the comet detection.

The measurements were made in May 2015, when the comet
was approaching its closest point to the Sun along its elliptical orbit,
near to the orbit of Mars, and was very active, releasing
a lot of gas and dust as the Sun warmed its icy surface.
The methyl chloride was identified in the measurements
when the hydrogen chloride signal was at its highest.
Delivering ingredients to Earth

Moreover, the methyl chloride was found in comparable abundances
in both the young star system and the comet. Rocky planets like Earth
could directly inherit these ingredients during the planet-building phase,
but comets could also act as a vessel to deliver them through the high
rate of impacts occurring in the early years of a forming solar system.

“The dual detection of an organohalogen in a star-forming region
and at a comet indicates that these chemicals will likely be part
of the ‘primordial soup’ on the young Earth
and newly formed rocky exoplanets,” says Edith Fayolle,
lead author of the study published in Nature Astronomy.
“Understanding this initial chemistry on planets is an important step
toward the origins of life.”

It is also a crucial aspect for the search for life outside our Solar System,
but the apparent prevalence of organohalogens in space calls into question
their use as a biomarker when interpreting possible future detections
of the molecule in the atmospheres of rocky exoplanets.

“The combined study takes detections of key biological molecules
to a new level, with the exciting possibility that they predate
the formation of our Solar System as we know it today,”
comments Matt Taylor, ESA’s Rosetta project scientist.

“The complementary results provide an important context
for our Rosetta data and for the wider implications of Solar System formation,
and especially how we might interpret observations of extrasolar systems.”

Notes for Editors

“Protostellar and cometary detections of organohalogens,”
by E. Fayolle et al. is published in Nature Astronomy, 2 October 2017.

The ALMA data were part of the Protostellar Interferometric
Line Survey (PILS). The aim of the survey is to chart
the chemical complexity of IRAS 16293-2422 by imaging
the full wavelength range covered by ALMA on very small scales,
equivalent to the size of our Solar System.

ALMA is an international astronomy facility, and a partnership
between the European Southern Observatory,
the US National Science Foundation and the National Institutes
of Natural Sciences of Japan in collaboration with the Republic
of Chile. More about ALMA partners.

----------------

2 octobre 2017

Une molécule autrefois pensée pour être un marqueur utile
pour la vie comme nous le savons, il a été découvert autour d'une jeune étoile
et à une comète pour la première fois, suggérant ces ingrédients sont hérités
pendant la phase de formation de la planète.

La découverte du chlorure de méthyle a été faite par la baie d'Atacama
(Alma) au Chili, basée au sol, et par le satellite Rosetta de l'ESA suivant
la comète 67P/Churyumov – Gerasimenko. C'est le membre le plus simple
d'une classe de molécules connues sous le nom de organohalogénés,
qui contiennent des halogènes, comme le chlore ou le fluor, liés au carbone.

Le chlorure de méthyle est bien connu sur la terre comme étant utilisé
dans l'industrie. Il est également produit naturellement par l'activité biologique
et géologique: il est le organohalogénés le plus abondant dans l'atmosphère
de la terre, avec jusqu'à trois mégatonnes produites par an, principalement
des processus biologiques.

En tant que tel, il avait été identifié comme un possible «biomarqueur»
dans la recherche de la vie à l'Université. Cela a été remis en question,
cependant, il est maintenant vu dans des environnements non dérivés
des organismes vivants, et au lieu comme un ingrédient brut à partir
de laquelle les planètes pourraient éventuellement se former.
Rho Ophiuchi étoile-formant la région

C'est aussi la première fois qu'un organohalogénés
a été détecté dans l'espace, ce qui indique que les chimies
centrées sur les halogènes et le carbone sont plus entrelacées
qu'on ne le pensait auparavant.

Les observations d'Alma ont été faites vers la jeune star iras
16293-2422, un système binaire de basse masse dans la région
de Rho Ophiuchi étoiles-formant environ 400 années-lumière de la terre.
Le système était déjà connu pour avoir une richesse
de molécules organiques distribués autour d'elle, mais Alma permet
maintenant de zoomer à des échelles équivalentes
aux planètes extérieures dans notre propre système solaire,
ce qui en fait une cible idéale pour des études comparatives
avec des comètes.

Parce que les comètes sont censées préserver la composition
chimique du nuage de naissance du soleil, et afin de mieux comprendre
les voies de formation des molécules organiques, la détection de la molécule
dans le système des jeunes étoiles a déclenché une recherche
dans les données détaillées collectées par le satellite Rosetta
de l'ESA lors de sa mission 2014-16
à Comet 67P/Churyumov – Gerasimenko.

«nous l'avons trouvé, mais il est très insaisissable,
l'un des «caméléons» de notre molécule Zoo, seulement présent
pendant de courtes périodes où nous avons observé beaucoup de chlore»,
explique konan Altwegg, chercheur principal de l'instrument de Rosina
qui a fait la détection de la comète.

Les mesures ont été faites en mai 2015, lorsque la comète approchait
son point le plus proche du soleil le long de son orbite elliptique,
près de l'orbite de mars, et a été très actif, libérant beaucoup de gaz
et de la poussière que le soleil réchauffé sa surface glaciale.
Le chlorure de méthyle a été identifié dans les mesures
lorsque le signal du chlorure d'hydrogène était le plus élevé.
Livrer des ingrédients à la terre

En outre, le chlorure de méthyle a été trouvé dans des abondances
comparables dans le système des jeunes étoiles et la comète.
Les planètes rocheuses comme la terre pourraient hériter directement
de ces ingrédients pendant la phase de construction de la planète,
mais les comètes pourraient aussi agir comme un navire pour les livrer
à travers le taux élevé d'impacts survenant dans les premières années
d'un système de formation solaire.

«la double détection d'un organohalogénés dans une région
en forme d'étoile et à une comète indique que ces produits chimiques
feront probablement partie de la «soupe primordiale» sur la terre jeune
et nouvellement formée Rocky,» dit Edith Fayolle, auteur principal
de l'étude publiée dans L'astronomie de la nature. "comprendre
cette chimie initiale sur les planètes est une étape importante
vers les origines de la vie."

C'est aussi un aspect crucial pour la recherche de la vie
en dehors de notre système solaire, mais la prévalence apparente
de organohalogénés dans l'espace remet en question leur utilisation
comme un biomarqueur lors de l'interprétation de possibles détections
futures de la molécule dans les atmosphères de Rocky exoplanètes.

«l'étude combinée prend des détections de molécules biologiques clés
à un nouveau niveau, avec la possibilité excitante qu'ils prédatent
la formation de notre système solaire tel que nous le connaissons aujourd'hui»,
commente Matt Taylor, chercheur du projet Rosetta de l'ESA.

"les résultats complémentaires fournissent un contexte important
pour nos données Rosetta et pour les implications plus larges
de la formation du système solaire, et surtout
comment nous pourrions interpréter les observations
des systèmes extrasolaires."

Notes pour les éditeurs

«les détections de protostellaire et de cometarie de organohalogénés»,
par E. Fayolle et coll., sont publiées dans nature astronomie, 2 octobre 2017.

Les données d'Alma faisaient partie de l'enquête
sur la ligne d'interférométrie protostellaire (Pils).
L'objectif de l'enquête est de tracer la complexité chimique
de l'iras 16293-2422 par l'imagerie de la gamme complète
de longueur d'onde couverte par Alma sur de très petites échelles,
équivalent à la taille de notre système solaire.

Alma est une installation internationale d'astronomie, et un partenariat
entre l'Observatoire européen du Sud, la National Science Foundation
des États-Unis et les instituts nationaux des sciences naturelles
du Japon, en collaboration avec la République du Chili.

Plus d'infos sur Alma Partners.

For further information, please contact:
Edith Fayolle
Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics (now at NASA JPL)
Email: edith.c.fayolle@jpl.nasa.gov

Kathrin Altwegg
University of Bern, Germany
Email: kathrin.altwegg@space.unibe.ch

Matt Taylor
ESA Rosetta project scientist
Email: matt.taylor@esa.int

Markus Bauer








ESA Science and Robotic Exploration Communication Officer









Tel: +31 71 565 6799









Mob: +31 61 594 3 954









Email: markus.bauer@esa.int

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